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Pahiyangala Cave Temple, also known as Fa-Hien Cave, is one of the most remarkable archaeological and religious sites in Sri Lanka. Located in the Kalutara-Ratnapura region, this ancient cave temple is considered the largest natural rock cave in South Asia and one of the oldest prehistoric human settlements in the country. Surrounded by dense forest, rocky hills, and a tranquil rural atmosphere, the cave holds both archaeological significance and spiritual importance, making it a fascinating destination for historians, travelers, pilgrims, and nature lovers.
The name “Pahiyangala” is believed to originate from the Chinese Buddhist monk Fa-Hien, who is said to have visited the site during his travels in the 5th century. The cave temple also showcases early evidence of human civilization, with fossils and artifacts dating back more than 37,000 years. Today, it is not only a Buddhist monastery but also an important prehistoric site where excavations continue to reveal the cultural development of early mankind in Sri Lanka.
The history of Pahiyangala Cave Temple stretches back tens of thousands of years. Archaeologists have discovered human skeletons, stone tools, animal remains, and fossils inside the cave, proving that prehistoric humans lived here during the late Pleistocene era. The findings make it one of the oldest known archaeological sites in Sri Lanka and South Asia.
According to Buddhist accounts, the cave later became a meditation site for monks. It is widely believed that the famous Chinese monk Fa-Hien (Faxian), who traveled across Asia spreading Buddhism, visited the area and may have stayed in the cave. Over the centuries, the cave gradually transformed into a Buddhist shrine, with statues, meditation spaces, and monastic structures added around the site.
Pahiyangala Cave Temple is a remarkable example of natural architecture complemented by religious construction. The cave mouth measures approximately 60 meters in height, 45 meters in width, and stretches over 175 meters in length, making it the largest known cave of its kind in the region.
Within the massive rock overhang, visitors will find a reclining statue of the Buddha, meditation chambers, a simple Buddhist shrine, and excavation areas. The natural rock formations form arched ceilings and sloping stone walls that shelter the temple structures. The surroundings include ancient stone steps, pathways, and lush forest, giving the temple a peaceful and ancient atmosphere.
The temple grounds also showcase archaeological excavation areas, where research continues to unearth prehistoric tools, pottery, and fossils. The blend of untouched natural stone and simple man-made structures showcases both the spiritual and historical significance of the site.
Pahiyangala Cave Temple is located in Bulathsinhala, within reach of Ratnapura, Kalutara, and Colombo. Visitors can get there using several transport options:
By Bus:
Regular buses operate from Ratnapura, Kalutara, and Colombo towards Bulathsinhala. From the main town, tuk-tuks or local transport can take visitors directly to the cave entrance.
By Train:
The nearest major railway station is in Kalutara or Ratnapura. After arriving, travelers can take a taxi or bus to Bulathsinhala and then proceed to the cave temple.
By Car:
Private vehicles offer the most flexible access. The scenic roadway winds through rural villages and forest, and parking is available near the site.
The region experiences a warm tropical climate throughout the year. Average temperatures range from 25°C to 30°C, with high humidity due to the surrounding forested environment. The area receives significant rainfall between May and October, making the cave surroundings lush and green.
The dry season from December to April is considered the most convenient time to visit, especially for travelers planning to walk and explore the forest paths. Regardless of the season, visitors should be prepared for humid conditions, insects, and light mud in rainy months.
Pahiyangala Cave Temple is open daily from morning until early evening. Typical visiting hours are:
Open: 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM
Best Time to Visit: Morning or late afternoon, to avoid peak sun and humidity.
Exploring the cave and surroundings can take between 1–2 hours, depending on how much time visitors spend on meditation, sightseeing, and photography.
Pahiyangala Cave Temple is famous for many reasons:
• It is the largest natural rock cave in Sri Lanka and South Asia.
• Archaeological findings show human settlement from over 37,000 years ago.
• The cave is believed to have been visited by the Chinese monk Fa-Hien.
• It is an important Buddhist meditation and pilgrimage site.
• The location offers peaceful natural surroundings for visitors.
Entry to Pahiyangala Cave Temple is generally free, but donations are appreciated. Visitors may need to climb steps or walk uphill paths to reach the cave entrance. Comfortable footwear, drinking water, and light clothing are advisable. Photography is allowed in most outdoor areas, though visitors should be respectful of religious spaces.
A visit to Pahiyangala Cave Temple provides several enjoyable and meaningful activities:
1. Explore the Cave: Walk inside the huge natural cave structure and observe the monastic area and Buddha statues.
2. Discover Archaeological Sites: View areas where excavations revealed prehistoric human remains and ancient artifacts.
3. Meditation and Quiet Reflection: The peaceful cave environment is ideal for meditation and spiritual reflection.
4. Nature Photography: Capture scenic views of stone formations, forest landscapes, and rural surroundings.
5. Learn Local History: Engage with local guides or informational boards to understand the site's historical significance.
• Human fossils found here are some of the oldest discovered in Sri Lanka.
• Excavations revealed stone tools, bone instruments, and signs of prehistoric hunting activity.
• The cave is named after Chinese monk Fa-Hien, who may have traveled through the region.
• The site is protected as a major archaeological heritage zone.
• It remains both a religious temple and an active research site.
• Wear comfortable shoes suitable for steps and uneven paths.
• Carry water, especially during warm weather.
• Visit in the early morning to avoid heat and crowds.
• Respect temple customs by dressing modestly.
• Watch your step inside the cave, as the ground may be slippery.
• If visiting during rainy months, be prepared for insects and muddy paths.
Pahiyangala Cave Temple in Ratnapura, Sri Lanka, is a rare blend of archaeological wonder, religious heritage, and natural beauty. Whether exploring its prehistoric origins, absorbing its spiritual atmosphere, or simply enjoying the peaceful forest environment, the site offers an enriching and unforgettable experience for every visitor.
